6
The Importance of Testing
7
=========================
9
Reliability is a critical success factor for any version control system.
10
We want Bazaar to be highly reliable across multiple platforms while
11
evolving over time to meet the needs of its community.
13
In a nutshell, this is what we expect and encourage:
15
* New functionality should have test cases. Preferably write the
16
test before writing the code.
18
In general, you can test at either the command-line level or the
19
internal API level. See `Writing tests`_ below for more detail.
21
* Try to practice Test-Driven Development: before fixing a bug, write a
22
test case so that it does not regress. Similarly for adding a new
23
feature: write a test case for a small version of the new feature before
24
starting on the code itself. Check the test fails on the old code, then
25
add the feature or fix and check it passes.
27
By doing these things, the Bazaar team gets increased confidence that
28
changes do what they claim to do, whether provided by the core team or
29
by community members. Equally importantly, we can be surer that changes
30
down the track do not break new features or bug fixes that you are
33
As of September 2009, Bazaar ships with a test suite containing over
34
23,000 tests and growing. We are proud of it and want to remain so. As
35
community members, we all benefit from it. Would you trust version control
36
on your project to a product *without* a test suite like Bazaar has?
39
Running the Test Suite
40
======================
42
As of Bazaar 2.1, you must have the testtools_ library installed to run
45
.. _testtools: https://launchpad.net/testtools/
47
To test all of Bazaar, just run::
51
With ``--verbose`` bzr will print the name of every test as it is run.
53
This should always pass, whether run from a source tree or an installed
54
copy of Bazaar. Please investigate and/or report any failures.
57
Running particular tests
58
------------------------
60
Currently, bzr selftest is used to invoke tests.
61
You can provide a pattern argument to run a subset. For example,
62
to run just the blackbox tests, run::
64
./bzr selftest -v blackbox
66
To skip a particular test (or set of tests), use the --exclude option
67
(shorthand -x) like so::
69
./bzr selftest -v -x blackbox
71
To ensure that all tests are being run and succeeding, you can use the
72
--strict option which will fail if there are any missing features or known
75
./bzr selftest --strict
77
To list tests without running them, use the --list-only option like so::
79
./bzr selftest --list-only
81
This option can be combined with other selftest options (like -x) and
82
filter patterns to understand their effect.
84
Once you understand how to create a list of tests, you can use the --load-list
85
option to run only a restricted set of tests that you kept in a file, one test
86
id by line. Keep in mind that this will never be sufficient to validate your
87
modifications, you still need to run the full test suite for that, but using it
88
can help in some cases (like running only the failed tests for some time)::
90
./bzr selftest -- load-list my_failing_tests
92
This option can also be combined with other selftest options, including
93
patterns. It has some drawbacks though, the list can become out of date pretty
94
quick when doing Test Driven Development.
96
To address this concern, there is another way to run a restricted set of tests:
97
the --starting-with option will run only the tests whose name starts with the
98
specified string. It will also avoid loading the other tests and as a
99
consequence starts running your tests quicker::
101
./bzr selftest --starting-with bzrlib.blackbox
103
This option can be combined with all the other selftest options including
104
--load-list. The later is rarely used but allows to run a subset of a list of
105
failing tests for example.
110
To test only the bzr core, ignoring any plugins you may have installed,
113
./bzr --no-plugins selftest
115
Disabling crash reporting
116
-------------------------
118
By default Bazaar uses apport_ to report program crashes. In developing
119
Bazaar it's normal and expected to have it crash from time to time, at
120
least because a test failed if for no other reason.
122
Therefore you should probably add ``debug_flags = no_apport`` to your
123
``bazaar.conf`` file (in ``~/.bazaar/`` on Unix), so that failures just
124
print a traceback rather than writing a crash file.
126
.. _apport: https://launchpad.net/apport/
129
Test suite debug flags
130
----------------------
132
Similar to the global ``-Dfoo`` debug options, bzr selftest accepts
133
``-E=foo`` debug flags. These flags are:
135
:allow_debug: do *not* clear the global debug flags when running a test.
136
This can provide useful logging to help debug test failures when used
137
with e.g. ``bzr -Dhpss selftest -E=allow_debug``
139
Note that this will probably cause some tests to fail, because they
140
don't expect to run with any debug flags on.
146
Bazaar can optionally produce output in the machine-readable subunit_
147
format, so that test output can be post-processed by various tools. To
148
generate a subunit test stream::
150
$ ./bzr selftest --subunit
152
Processing such a stream can be done using a variety of tools including:
154
* The builtin ``subunit2pyunit``, ``subunit-filter``, ``subunit-ls``,
155
``subunit2junitxml`` from the subunit project.
157
* tribunal_, a GUI for showing test results.
159
* testrepository_, a tool for gathering and managing test runs.
161
.. _subunit: https://launchpad.net/subunit/
162
.. _tribunal: https://launchpad.net/tribunal/
168
Bazaar ships with a config file for testrepository_. This can be very
169
useful for keeping track of failing tests and doing general workflow
170
support. To run tests using testrepository::
174
To run only failing tests::
176
$ testr run --failing
178
To run only some tests, without plugins::
180
$ test run test_selftest -- --no-plugins
182
See the testrepository documentation for more details.
184
.. _testrepository: https://launchpad.net/testrepository
187
Babune continuous integration
188
-----------------------------
190
We have a Hudson continuous-integration system that automatically runs
191
tests across various platforms. In the future we plan to add more
192
combinations including testing plugins. See
193
<http://babune.ladeuil.net:24842/>. (Babune = Bazaar Buildbot Network.)
199
Normally you should add or update a test for all bug fixes or new features
203
Where should I put a new test?
204
------------------------------
206
Bzrlib's tests are organised by the type of test. Most of the tests in
207
bzr's test suite belong to one of these categories:
210
- Blackbox (UI) tests
211
- Per-implementation tests
214
A quick description of these test types and where they belong in bzrlib's
215
source follows. Not all tests fall neatly into one of these categories;
216
in those cases use your judgement.
222
Unit tests make up the bulk of our test suite. These are tests that are
223
focused on exercising a single, specific unit of the code as directly
224
as possible. Each unit test is generally fairly short and runs very
227
They are found in ``bzrlib/tests/test_*.py``. So in general tests should
228
be placed in a file named test_FOO.py where FOO is the logical thing under
231
For example, tests for merge3 in bzrlib belong in bzrlib/tests/test_merge3.py.
232
See bzrlib/tests/test_sampler.py for a template test script.
238
Tests can be written for the UI or for individual areas of the library.
239
Choose whichever is appropriate: if adding a new command, or a new command
240
option, then you should be writing a UI test. If you are both adding UI
241
functionality and library functionality, you will want to write tests for
242
both the UI and the core behaviours. We call UI tests 'blackbox' tests
243
and they belong in ``bzrlib/tests/blackbox/*.py``.
245
When writing blackbox tests please honour the following conventions:
247
1. Place the tests for the command 'name' in
248
bzrlib/tests/blackbox/test_name.py. This makes it easy for developers
249
to locate the test script for a faulty command.
251
2. Use the 'self.run_bzr("name")' utility function to invoke the command
252
rather than running bzr in a subprocess or invoking the
253
cmd_object.run() method directly. This is a lot faster than
254
subprocesses and generates the same logging output as running it in a
255
subprocess (which invoking the method directly does not).
257
3. Only test the one command in a single test script. Use the bzrlib
258
library when setting up tests and when evaluating the side-effects of
259
the command. We do this so that the library api has continual pressure
260
on it to be as functional as the command line in a simple manner, and
261
to isolate knock-on effects throughout the blackbox test suite when a
262
command changes its name or signature. Ideally only the tests for a
263
given command are affected when a given command is changed.
265
4. If you have a test which does actually require running bzr in a
266
subprocess you can use ``run_bzr_subprocess``. By default the spawned
267
process will not load plugins unless ``--allow-plugins`` is supplied.
270
Per-implementation tests
271
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
273
Per-implementation tests are tests that are defined once and then run
274
against multiple implementations of an interface. For example,
275
``per_transport.py`` defines tests that all Transport implementations
276
(local filesystem, HTTP, and so on) must pass. They are found in
277
``bzrlib/tests/per_*/*.py``, and ``bzrlib/tests/per_*.py``.
279
These are really a sub-category of unit tests, but an important one.
281
Along the same lines are tests for extension modules. We generally have
282
both a pure-python and a compiled implementation for each module. As such,
283
we want to run the same tests against both implementations. These can
284
generally be found in ``bzrlib/tests/*__*.py`` since extension modules are
285
usually prefixed with an underscore. Since there are only two
286
implementations, we have a helper function
287
``bzrlib.tests.permute_for_extension``, which can simplify the
288
``load_tests`` implementation.
294
We make selective use of doctests__. In general they should provide
295
*examples* within the API documentation which can incidentally be tested. We
296
don't try to test every important case using doctests |--| regular Python
297
tests are generally a better solution. That is, we just use doctests to
298
make our documentation testable, rather than as a way to make tests.
300
Most of these are in ``bzrlib/doc/api``. More additions are welcome.
302
__ http://docs.python.org/lib/module-doctest.html
308
``bzrlib/tests/script.py`` allows users to write tests in a syntax very close to a shell session,
309
using a restricted and limited set of commands that should be enough to mimic
310
most of the behaviours.
312
A script is a set of commands, each command is composed of:
314
* one mandatory command line,
315
* one optional set of input lines to feed the command,
316
* one optional set of output expected lines,
317
* one optional set of error expected lines.
319
Input, output and error lines can be specified in any order.
321
Except for the expected output, all lines start with a special
322
string (based on their origin when used under a Unix shell):
324
* '$ ' for the command,
326
* nothing for output,
329
Comments can be added anywhere, they start with '#' and end with
332
The execution stops as soon as an expected output or an expected error is not
335
When no output is specified, any ouput from the command is accepted
336
and execution continue.
338
If an error occurs and no expected error is specified, the execution stops.
340
An error is defined by a returned status different from zero, not by the
341
presence of text on the error stream.
343
The matching is done on a full string comparison basis unless '...' is used, in
344
which case expected output/errors can be less precise.
348
The following will succeeds only if 'bzr add' outputs 'adding file'::
353
If you want the command to succeed for any output, just use::
357
The following will stop with an error::
361
If you want it to succeed, use::
364
2> bzr: ERROR: unknown command "not-a-command"
366
You can use ellipsis (...) to replace any piece of text you don't want to be
369
$ bzr branch not-a-branch
370
2>bzr: ERROR: Not a branch...not-a-branch/".
372
This can be used to ignore entire lines too::
378
# And here we explain that surprising fourth line
385
You can check the content of a file with cat::
390
You can also check the existence of a file with cat, the following will fail if
391
the file doesn't exist::
395
The actual use of ScriptRunner within a TestCase looks something like
398
def test_unshelve_keep(self):
401
sr.run_script(self, '''
403
$ bzr shelve --all -m Foo
406
$ bzr unshelve --keep
417
`bzrlib.tests.test_import_tariff` has some tests that measure how many
418
Python modules are loaded to run some representative commands.
420
We want to avoid loading code unnecessarily, for reasons including:
422
* Python modules are interpreted when they're loaded, either to define
423
classes or modules or perhaps to initialize some structures.
425
* With a cold cache we may incur blocking real disk IO for each module.
427
* Some modules depend on many others.
429
* Some optional modules such as `testtools` are meant to be soft
430
dependencies and only needed for particular cases. If they're loaded in
431
other cases then bzr may break for people who don't have those modules.
433
`test_import_tariff` allows us to check that removal of imports doesn't
436
This is done by running the command in a subprocess with
437
``--profile-imports``. Starting a whole Python interpreter is pretty
438
slow, so we don't want exhaustive testing here, but just enough to guard
439
against distinct fixed problems.
441
Assertions about precisely what is loaded tend to be brittle so we instead
442
make assertions that particular things aren't loaded.
444
Unless selftest is run with ``--no-plugins``, modules will be loaded in
445
the usual way and checks made on what they cause to be loaded. This is
446
probably worth checking into, because many bzr users have at least some
447
plugins installed (and they're included in binary installers).
449
In theory, plugins might have a good reason to load almost anything:
450
someone might write a plugin that opens a network connection or pops up a
451
gui window every time you run 'bzr status'. However, it's more likely
452
that the code to do these things is just being loaded accidentally. We
453
might eventually need to have a way to make exceptions for particular
456
Some things to check:
458
* non-GUI commands shouldn't load GUI libraries
460
* operations on bzr native formats sholudn't load foreign branch libraries
462
* network code shouldn't be loaded for purely local operations
464
* particularly expensive Python built-in modules shouldn't be loaded
465
unless there is a good reason
468
Testing locking behaviour
469
-------------------------
471
In order to test the locking behaviour of commands, it is possible to install
472
a hook that is called when a write lock is: acquired, released or broken.
473
(Read locks also exist, they cannot be discovered in this way.)
475
A hook can be installed by calling bzrlib.lock.Lock.hooks.install_named_hook.
476
The three valid hooks are: `lock_acquired`, `lock_released` and `lock_broken`.
483
lock.Lock.hooks.install_named_hook('lock_acquired',
484
locks_acquired.append, None)
485
lock.Lock.hooks.install_named_hook('lock_released',
486
locks_released.append, None)
488
`locks_acquired` will now receive a LockResult instance for all locks acquired
489
since the time the hook is installed.
491
The last part of the `lock_url` allows you to identify the type of object that is locked.
493
- BzrDir: `/branch-lock`
494
- Working tree: `/checkout/lock`
495
- Branch: `/branch/lock`
496
- Repository: `/repository/lock`
498
To test if a lock is a write lock on a working tree, one can do the following::
500
self.assertEndsWith(locks_acquired[0].lock_url, "/checkout/lock")
502
See bzrlib/tests/commands/test_revert.py for an example of how to use this for
509
In our enhancements to unittest we allow for some addition results beyond
510
just success or failure.
512
If a test can't be run, it can say that it's skipped by raising a special
513
exception. This is typically used in parameterized tests |--| for example
514
if a transport doesn't support setting permissions, we'll skip the tests
515
that relating to that. ::
518
return self.branch_format.initialize(repo.bzrdir)
519
except errors.UninitializableFormat:
520
raise tests.TestSkipped('Uninitializable branch format')
522
Raising TestSkipped is a good idea when you want to make it clear that the
523
test was not run, rather than just returning which makes it look as if it
526
Several different cases are distinguished:
529
Generic skip; the only type that was present up to bzr 0.18.
532
The test doesn't apply to the parameters with which it was run.
533
This is typically used when the test is being applied to all
534
implementations of an interface, but some aspects of the interface
535
are optional and not present in particular concrete
536
implementations. (Some tests that should raise this currently
537
either silently return or raise TestSkipped.) Another option is
538
to use more precise parameterization to avoid generating the test
542
The test can't be run because a dependency (typically a Python
543
library) is not available in the test environment. These
544
are in general things that the person running the test could fix
545
by installing the library. It's OK if some of these occur when
546
an end user runs the tests or if we're specifically testing in a
547
limited environment, but a full test should never see them.
549
See `Test feature dependencies`_ below.
552
The test exists but is known to fail, for example this might be
553
appropriate to raise if you've committed a test for a bug but not
554
the fix for it, or if something works on Unix but not on Windows.
556
Raising this allows you to distinguish these failures from the
557
ones that are not expected to fail. If the test would fail
558
because of something we don't expect or intend to fix,
559
KnownFailure is not appropriate, and TestNotApplicable might be
562
KnownFailure should be used with care as we don't want a
563
proliferation of quietly broken tests.
567
We plan to support three modes for running the test suite to control the
568
interpretation of these results. Strict mode is for use in situations
569
like merges to the mainline and releases where we want to make sure that
570
everything that can be tested has been tested. Lax mode is for use by
571
developers who want to temporarily tolerate some known failures. The
572
default behaviour is obtained by ``bzr selftest`` with no options, and
573
also (if possible) by running under another unittest harness.
575
======================= ======= ======= ========
576
result strict default lax
577
======================= ======= ======= ========
578
TestSkipped pass pass pass
579
TestNotApplicable pass pass pass
580
UnavailableFeature fail pass pass
581
KnownFailure fail pass pass
582
======================= ======= ======= ========
585
Test feature dependencies
586
-------------------------
588
Writing tests that require a feature
589
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
591
Rather than manually checking the environment in each test, a test class
592
can declare its dependence on some test features. The feature objects are
593
checked only once for each run of the whole test suite.
595
(For historical reasons, as of May 2007 many cases that should depend on
596
features currently raise TestSkipped.)
600
class TestStrace(TestCaseWithTransport):
602
_test_needs_features = [StraceFeature]
604
This means all tests in this class need the feature. If the feature is
605
not available the test will be skipped using UnavailableFeature.
607
Individual tests can also require a feature using the ``requireFeature``
610
self.requireFeature(StraceFeature)
612
The old naming style for features is CamelCase, but because they're
613
actually instances not classses they're now given instance-style names
616
Features already defined in ``bzrlib.tests`` and ``bzrlib.tests.features``
624
- UnicodeFilenameFeature
626
- CaseInsensitiveFilesystemFeature.
627
- chown_feature: The test can rely on OS being POSIX and python
629
- posix_permissions_feature: The test can use POSIX-style
630
user/group/other permission bits.
633
Defining a new feature that tests can require
634
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
636
New features for use with ``_test_needs_features`` or ``requireFeature``
637
are defined by subclassing ``bzrlib.tests.Feature`` and overriding the
638
``_probe`` and ``feature_name`` methods. For example::
640
class _SymlinkFeature(Feature):
643
return osutils.has_symlinks()
645
def feature_name(self):
648
SymlinkFeature = _SymlinkFeature()
650
A helper for handling running tests based on whether a python
651
module is available. This can handle 3rd-party dependencies (is
652
``paramiko`` available?) as well as stdlib (``termios``) or
653
extension modules (``bzrlib._groupcompress_pyx``). You create a
654
new feature instance with::
656
# in bzrlib/tests/features.py
657
apport = tests.ModuleAvailableFeature('apport')
660
# then in bzrlib/tests/test_apport.py
661
class TestApportReporting(TestCaseInTempDir):
663
_test_needs_features = [features.apport]
666
Testing exceptions and errors
667
-----------------------------
669
It's important to test handling of errors and exceptions. Because this
670
code is often not hit in ad-hoc testing it can often have hidden bugs --
671
it's particularly common to get NameError because the exception code
672
references a variable that has since been renamed.
674
.. TODO: Something about how to provoke errors in the right way?
676
In general we want to test errors at two levels:
678
1. A test in ``test_errors.py`` checking that when the exception object is
679
constructed with known parameters it produces an expected string form.
680
This guards against mistakes in writing the format string, or in the
681
``str`` representations of its parameters. There should be one for
682
each exception class.
684
2. Tests that when an api is called in a particular situation, it raises
685
an error of the expected class. You should typically use
686
``assertRaises``, which in the Bazaar test suite returns the exception
687
object to allow you to examine its parameters.
689
In some cases blackbox tests will also want to check error reporting. But
690
it can be difficult to provoke every error through the commandline
691
interface, so those tests are only done as needed |--| eg in response to a
692
particular bug or if the error is reported in an unusual way(?) Blackbox
693
tests should mostly be testing how the command-line interface works, so
694
should only test errors if there is something particular to the cli in how
695
they're displayed or handled.
701
The Python ``warnings`` module is used to indicate a non-fatal code
702
problem. Code that's expected to raise a warning can be tested through
705
The test suite can be run with ``-Werror`` to check no unexpected errors
708
However, warnings should be used with discretion. It's not an appropriate
709
way to give messages to the user, because the warning is normally shown
710
only once per source line that causes the problem. You should also think
711
about whether the warning is serious enought that it should be visible to
712
users who may not be able to fix it.
715
Interface implementation testing and test scenarios
716
---------------------------------------------------
718
There are several cases in Bazaar of multiple implementations of a common
719
conceptual interface. ("Conceptual" because it's not necessary for all
720
the implementations to share a base class, though they often do.)
721
Examples include transports and the working tree, branch and repository
724
In these cases we want to make sure that every implementation correctly
725
fulfils the interface requirements. For example, every Transport should
726
support the ``has()`` and ``get()`` and ``clone()`` methods. We have a
727
sub-suite of tests in ``test_transport_implementations``. (Most
728
per-implementation tests are in submodules of ``bzrlib.tests``, but not
729
the transport tests at the moment.)
731
These tests are repeated for each registered Transport, by generating a
732
new TestCase instance for the cross product of test methods and transport
733
implementations. As each test runs, it has ``transport_class`` and
734
``transport_server`` set to the class it should test. Most tests don't
735
access these directly, but rather use ``self.get_transport`` which returns
736
a transport of the appropriate type.
738
The goal is to run per-implementation only the tests that relate to that
739
particular interface. Sometimes we discover a bug elsewhere that happens
740
with only one particular transport. Once it's isolated, we can consider
741
whether a test should be added for that particular implementation,
742
or for all implementations of the interface.
744
The multiplication of tests for different implementations is normally
745
accomplished by overriding the ``load_tests`` function used to load tests
746
from a module. This function typically loads all the tests, then applies
747
a TestProviderAdapter to them, which generates a longer suite containing
748
all the test variations.
750
See also `Per-implementation tests`_ (above).
756
Some utilities are provided for generating variations of tests. This can
757
be used for per-implementation tests, or other cases where the same test
758
code needs to run several times on different scenarios.
760
The general approach is to define a class that provides test methods,
761
which depend on attributes of the test object being pre-set with the
762
values to which the test should be applied. The test suite should then
763
also provide a list of scenarios in which to run the tests.
765
Typically ``multiply_tests_from_modules`` should be called from the test
766
module's ``load_tests`` function.
772
We have a rich collection of tools to support writing tests. Please use
773
them in preference to ad-hoc solutions as they provide portability and
774
performance benefits.
777
TestCase and its subclasses
778
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
780
The ``bzrlib.tests`` module defines many TestCase classes to help you
784
A base TestCase that extends the Python standard library's
785
TestCase in several ways. TestCase is build on
786
``testtools.TestCase``, which gives it support for more assertion
787
methods (e.g. ``assertContainsRe``), ``addCleanup``, and other
788
features (see its API docs for details). It also has a ``setUp`` that
789
makes sure that global state like registered hooks and loggers won't
790
interfere with your test. All tests should use this base class
791
(whether directly or via a subclass). Note that we are trying not to
792
add more assertions at this point, and instead to build up a library
793
of ``bzrlib.tests.matchers``.
795
TestCaseWithMemoryTransport
796
Extends TestCase and adds methods like ``get_transport``,
797
``make_branch`` and ``make_branch_builder``. The files created are
798
stored in a MemoryTransport that is discarded at the end of the test.
799
This class is good for tests that need to make branches or use
800
transports, but that don't require storing things on disk. All tests
801
that create bzrdirs should use this base class (either directly or via
802
a subclass) as it ensures that the test won't accidentally operate on
803
real branches in your filesystem.
806
Extends TestCaseWithMemoryTransport. For tests that really do need
807
files to be stored on disk, e.g. because a subprocess uses a file, or
808
for testing functionality that accesses the filesystem directly rather
809
than via the Transport layer (such as dirstate).
811
TestCaseWithTransport
812
Extends TestCaseInTempDir. Provides ``get_url`` and
813
``get_readonly_url`` facilities. Subclasses can control the
814
transports used by setting ``vfs_transport_factory``,
815
``transport_server`` and/or ``transport_readonly_server``.
818
See the API docs for more details.
824
When writing a test for a feature, it is often necessary to set up a
825
branch with a certain history. The ``BranchBuilder`` interface allows the
826
creation of test branches in a quick and easy manner. Here's a sample
829
builder = self.make_branch_builder('relpath')
830
builder.build_commit()
831
builder.build_commit()
832
builder.build_commit()
833
branch = builder.get_branch()
835
``make_branch_builder`` is a method of ``TestCaseWithMemoryTransport``.
837
Note that many current tests create test branches by inheriting from
838
``TestCaseWithTransport`` and using the ``make_branch_and_tree`` helper to
839
give them a ``WorkingTree`` that they can commit to. However, using the
840
newer ``make_branch_builder`` helper is preferred, because it can build
841
the changes in memory, rather than on disk. Tests that are explictly
842
testing how we work with disk objects should, of course, use a real
845
Please see bzrlib.branchbuilder for more details.
847
If you're going to examine the commit timestamps e.g. in a test for log
848
output, you should set the timestamp on the tree, rather than using fuzzy
855
The ``TreeBuilder`` interface allows the construction of arbitrary trees
856
with a declarative interface. A sample session might look like::
858
tree = self.make_branch_and_tree('path')
859
builder = TreeBuilder()
860
builder.start_tree(tree)
861
builder.build(['foo', "bar/", "bar/file"])
862
tree.commit('commit the tree')
863
builder.finish_tree()
865
Usually a test will create a tree using ``make_branch_and_memory_tree`` (a
866
method of ``TestCaseWithMemoryTransport``) or ``make_branch_and_tree`` (a
867
method of ``TestCaseWithTransport``).
869
Please see bzrlib.treebuilder for more details.
872
.. |--| unicode:: U+2014
added
removed
doc/developers/testing.txt
