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# Copyright (C) 2008 Canonical Ltd
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# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
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# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
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# (at your option) any later version.
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# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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# GNU General Public License for more details.
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# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
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# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
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from bisect import bisect_right
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from bzrlib.index import _OPTION_NODE_REFS, _OPTION_KEY_ELEMENTS, _OPTION_LEN
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from bzrlib.transport import get_transport
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_BTSIGNATURE = "B+Tree Graph Index 2\n"
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_OPTION_ROW_LENGTHS = "row_lengths="
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_LEAF_FLAG = "type=leaf\n"
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_INTERNAL_FLAG = "type=internal\n"
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_INTERNAL_OFFSET = "offset="
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_RESERVED_HEADER_BYTES = 120
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# 4K per page: 4MB - 1000 entries
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_NODE_CACHE_SIZE = 1000
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class _BuilderRow(object):
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"""The stored state accumulated while writing out a row in the index.
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:ivar spool: A temporary file used to accumulate nodes for this row
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:ivar nodes: The count of nodes emitted so far.
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"""Create a _BuilderRow."""
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self.spool = None# tempfile.TemporaryFile(prefix='bzr-index-row-')
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def finish_node(self, pad=True):
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byte_lines, _, padding = self.writer.finish()
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self.spool = cStringIO.StringIO()
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self.spool.write("\x00" * _RESERVED_HEADER_BYTES)
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# We got bigger than 1 node, switch to a temp file
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spool = tempfile.TemporaryFile(prefix='bzr-index-row-')
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spool.write(self.spool.getvalue())
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if not pad and padding:
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skipped_bytes = padding
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self.spool.writelines(byte_lines)
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remainder = (self.spool.tell() + skipped_bytes) % _PAGE_SIZE
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raise AssertionError("incorrect node length: %d, %d"
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% (self.spool.tell(), remainder))
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class _InternalBuilderRow(_BuilderRow):
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"""The stored state accumulated while writing out internal rows."""
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def finish_node(self, pad=True):
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raise AssertionError("Must pad internal nodes only.")
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_BuilderRow.finish_node(self)
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class _LeafBuilderRow(_BuilderRow):
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"""The stored state accumulated while writing out a leaf rows."""
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class BTreeBuilder(index.GraphIndexBuilder):
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"""A Builder for B+Tree based Graph indices.
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The resulting graph has the structure:
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_SIGNATURE OPTIONS NODES
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_SIGNATURE := 'B+Tree Graph Index 1' NEWLINE
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OPTIONS := REF_LISTS KEY_ELEMENTS LENGTH
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REF_LISTS := 'node_ref_lists=' DIGITS NEWLINE
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KEY_ELEMENTS := 'key_elements=' DIGITS NEWLINE
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LENGTH := 'len=' DIGITS NEWLINE
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ROW_LENGTHS := 'row_lengths' DIGITS (COMMA DIGITS)*
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NODES := NODE_COMPRESSED*
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NODE_COMPRESSED:= COMPRESSED_BYTES{4096}
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NODE_RAW := INTERNAL | LEAF
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INTERNAL := INTERNAL_FLAG POINTERS
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LEAF := LEAF_FLAG ROWS
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KEY_ELEMENT := Not-whitespace-utf8
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KEY := KEY_ELEMENT (NULL KEY_ELEMENT)*
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ROW := KEY NULL ABSENT? NULL REFERENCES NULL VALUE NEWLINE
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REFERENCES := REFERENCE_LIST (TAB REFERENCE_LIST){node_ref_lists - 1}
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REFERENCE_LIST := (REFERENCE (CR REFERENCE)*)?
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VALUE := no-newline-no-null-bytes
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def __init__(self, reference_lists=0, key_elements=1, spill_at=100000):
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"""See GraphIndexBuilder.__init__.
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:param spill_at: Optional parameter controlling the maximum number
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of nodes that BTreeBuilder will hold in memory.
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index.GraphIndexBuilder.__init__(self, reference_lists=reference_lists,
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key_elements=key_elements)
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self._spill_at = spill_at
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self._backing_indices = []
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# A map of {key: (node_refs, value)}
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# Indicate it hasn't been built yet
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self._nodes_by_key = None
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self._optimize_for_size = False
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def add_node(self, key, value, references=()):
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"""Add a node to the index.
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If adding the node causes the builder to reach its spill_at threshold,
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disk spilling will be triggered.
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:param key: The key. keys are non-empty tuples containing
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as many whitespace-free utf8 bytestrings as the key length
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defined for this index.
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:param references: An iterable of iterables of keys. Each is a
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reference to another key.
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:param value: The value to associate with the key. It may be any
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bytes as long as it does not contain \0 or \n.
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# we don't care about absent_references
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node_refs, _ = self._check_key_ref_value(key, references, value)
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if key in self._nodes:
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raise errors.BadIndexDuplicateKey(key, self)
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self._nodes[key] = (node_refs, value)
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if self._nodes_by_key is not None and self._key_length > 1:
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self._update_nodes_by_key(key, value, node_refs)
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if len(self._keys) < self._spill_at:
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self._spill_mem_keys_to_disk()
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def _spill_mem_keys_to_disk(self):
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"""Write the in memory keys down to disk to cap memory consumption.
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If we already have some keys written to disk, we will combine them so
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as to preserve the sorted order. The algorithm for combining uses
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powers of two. So on the first spill, write all mem nodes into a
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single index. On the second spill, combine the mem nodes with the nodes
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on disk to create a 2x sized disk index and get rid of the first index.
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On the third spill, create a single new disk index, which will contain
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the mem nodes, and preserve the existing 2x sized index. On the fourth,
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combine mem with the first and second indexes, creating a new one of
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size 4x. On the fifth create a single new one, etc.
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if self._combine_backing_indices:
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(new_backing_file, size,
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backing_pos) = self._spill_mem_keys_and_combine()
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new_backing_file, size = self._spill_mem_keys_without_combining()
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# Note: The transport here isn't strictly needed, because we will use
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# direct access to the new_backing._file object
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new_backing = BTreeGraphIndex(get_transport('.'), '<temp>', size)
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# GC will clean up the file
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new_backing._file = new_backing_file
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if self._combine_backing_indices:
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if len(self._backing_indices) == backing_pos:
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self._backing_indices.append(None)
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self._backing_indices[backing_pos] = new_backing
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for backing_pos in range(backing_pos):
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self._backing_indices[backing_pos] = None
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self._backing_indices.append(new_backing)
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self._nodes_by_key = None
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def _spill_mem_keys_without_combining(self):
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return self._write_nodes(self._iter_mem_nodes(), allow_optimize=False)
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def _spill_mem_keys_and_combine(self):
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iterators_to_combine = [self._iter_mem_nodes()]
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for pos, backing in enumerate(self._backing_indices):
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iterators_to_combine.append(backing.iter_all_entries())
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backing_pos = pos + 1
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new_backing_file, size = \
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self._write_nodes(self._iter_smallest(iterators_to_combine),
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allow_optimize=False)
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return new_backing_file, size, backing_pos
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def add_nodes(self, nodes):
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"""Add nodes to the index.
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:param nodes: An iterable of (key, node_refs, value) entries to add.
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if self.reference_lists:
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for (key, value, node_refs) in nodes:
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self.add_node(key, value, node_refs)
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for (key, value) in nodes:
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self.add_node(key, value)
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def _iter_mem_nodes(self):
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"""Iterate over the nodes held in memory."""
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if self.reference_lists:
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for key in sorted(nodes):
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references, value = nodes[key]
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yield self, key, value, references
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for key in sorted(nodes):
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references, value = nodes[key]
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yield self, key, value
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def _iter_smallest(self, iterators_to_combine):
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if len(iterators_to_combine) == 1:
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for value in iterators_to_combine[0]:
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for iterator in iterators_to_combine:
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current_values.append(iterator.next())
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except StopIteration:
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current_values.append(None)
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# Decorate candidates with the value to allow 2.4's min to be used.
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candidates = [(item[1][1], item) for item
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in enumerate(current_values) if item[1] is not None]
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if not len(candidates):
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selected = min(candidates)
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# undecorate back to (pos, node)
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selected = selected[1]
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if last == selected[1][1]:
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raise errors.BadIndexDuplicateKey(last, self)
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last = selected[1][1]
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# Yield, with self as the index
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yield (self,) + selected[1][1:]
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current_values[pos] = iterators_to_combine[pos].next()
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except StopIteration:
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current_values[pos] = None
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def _add_key(self, string_key, line, rows, allow_optimize=True):
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"""Add a key to the current chunk.
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:param string_key: The key to add.
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:param line: The fully serialised key and value.
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:param allow_optimize: If set to False, prevent setting the optimize
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flag when writing out. This is used by the _spill_mem_keys_to_disk
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if rows[-1].writer is None:
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# opening a new leaf chunk;
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for pos, internal_row in enumerate(rows[:-1]):
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# flesh out any internal nodes that are needed to
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# preserve the height of the tree
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if internal_row.writer is None:
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if internal_row.nodes == 0:
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length -= _RESERVED_HEADER_BYTES # padded
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optimize_for_size = self._optimize_for_size
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optimize_for_size = False
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internal_row.writer = chunk_writer.ChunkWriter(length, 0,
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optimize_for_size=optimize_for_size)
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internal_row.writer.write(_INTERNAL_FLAG)
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internal_row.writer.write(_INTERNAL_OFFSET +
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str(rows[pos + 1].nodes) + "\n")
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if rows[-1].nodes == 0:
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length -= _RESERVED_HEADER_BYTES # padded
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rows[-1].writer = chunk_writer.ChunkWriter(length,
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optimize_for_size=self._optimize_for_size)
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rows[-1].writer.write(_LEAF_FLAG)
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if rows[-1].writer.write(line):
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# this key did not fit in the node:
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rows[-1].finish_node()
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key_line = string_key + "\n"
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for row in reversed(rows[:-1]):
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# Mark the start of the next node in the node above. If it
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# doesn't fit then propagate upwards until we find one that
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if row.writer.write(key_line):
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# We've found a node that can handle the pointer.
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# If we reached the current root without being able to mark the
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# division point, then we need a new root:
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if 'index' in debug.debug_flags:
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trace.mutter('Inserting new global row.')
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new_row = _InternalBuilderRow()
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rows.insert(0, new_row)
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# This will be padded, hence the -100
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new_row.writer = chunk_writer.ChunkWriter(
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_PAGE_SIZE - _RESERVED_HEADER_BYTES,
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optimize_for_size=self._optimize_for_size)
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new_row.writer.write(_INTERNAL_FLAG)
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new_row.writer.write(_INTERNAL_OFFSET +
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str(rows[1].nodes - 1) + "\n")
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new_row.writer.write(key_line)
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self._add_key(string_key, line, rows, allow_optimize=allow_optimize)
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def _write_nodes(self, node_iterator, allow_optimize=True):
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"""Write node_iterator out as a B+Tree.
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:param node_iterator: An iterator of sorted nodes. Each node should
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match the output given by iter_all_entries.
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:param allow_optimize: If set to False, prevent setting the optimize
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flag when writing out. This is used by the _spill_mem_keys_to_disk
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:return: A file handle for a temporary file containing a B+Tree for
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# The index rows - rows[0] is the root, rows[1] is the layer under it
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# forward sorted by key. In future we may consider topological sorting,
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# at the cost of table scans for direct lookup, or a second index for
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# A stack with the number of nodes of each size. 0 is the root node
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# and must always be 1 (if there are any nodes in the tree).
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self.row_lengths = []
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# Loop over all nodes adding them to the bottom row
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# (rows[-1]). When we finish a chunk in a row,
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# propagate the key that didn't fit (comes after the chunk) to the
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# row above, transitively.
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for node in node_iterator:
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# First key triggers the first row
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rows.append(_LeafBuilderRow())
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string_key, line = _btree_serializer._flatten_node(node,
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self.reference_lists)
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self._add_key(string_key, line, rows, allow_optimize=allow_optimize)
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for row in reversed(rows):
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pad = (type(row) != _LeafBuilderRow)
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row.finish_node(pad=pad)
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lines = [_BTSIGNATURE]
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lines.append(_OPTION_NODE_REFS + str(self.reference_lists) + '\n')
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lines.append(_OPTION_KEY_ELEMENTS + str(self._key_length) + '\n')
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lines.append(_OPTION_LEN + str(key_count) + '\n')
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row_lengths = [row.nodes for row in rows]
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lines.append(_OPTION_ROW_LENGTHS + ','.join(map(str, row_lengths)) + '\n')
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if row_lengths and row_lengths[-1] > 1:
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result = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(prefix='bzr-index-')
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result = cStringIO.StringIO()
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result.writelines(lines)
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position = sum(map(len, lines))
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if position > _RESERVED_HEADER_BYTES:
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raise AssertionError("Could not fit the header in the"
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" reserved space: %d > %d"
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% (position, _RESERVED_HEADER_BYTES))
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# write the rows out:
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reserved = _RESERVED_HEADER_BYTES # reserved space for first node
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# copy nodes to the finalised file.
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# Special case the first node as it may be prefixed
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node = row.spool.read(_PAGE_SIZE)
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result.write(node[reserved:])
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result.write("\x00" * (reserved - position))
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position = 0 # Only the root row actually has an offset
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copied_len = osutils.pumpfile(row.spool, result)
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if copied_len != (row.nodes - 1) * _PAGE_SIZE:
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if type(row) != _LeafBuilderRow:
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raise AssertionError("Incorrect amount of data copied"
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" expected: %d, got: %d"
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% ((row.nodes - 1) * _PAGE_SIZE,
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"""Finalise the index.
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:return: A file handle for a temporary file containing the nodes added
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return self._write_nodes(self.iter_all_entries())[0]
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def iter_all_entries(self):
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"""Iterate over all keys within the index
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:return: An iterable of (index, key, value, reference_lists). There is
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no defined order for the result iteration - it will be in the most
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efficient order for the index (in this case dictionary hash order).
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if 'evil' in debug.debug_flags:
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trace.mutter_callsite(3,
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"iter_all_entries scales with size of history.")
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# Doing serial rather than ordered would be faster; but this shouldn't
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# be getting called routinely anyway.
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iterators = [self._iter_mem_nodes()]
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for backing in self._backing_indices:
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if backing is not None:
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iterators.append(backing.iter_all_entries())
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if len(iterators) == 1:
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return self._iter_smallest(iterators)
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def iter_entries(self, keys):
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"""Iterate over keys within the index.
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:param keys: An iterable providing the keys to be retrieved.
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:return: An iterable of (index, key, value, reference_lists). There is no
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defined order for the result iteration - it will be in the most
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efficient order for the index (keys iteration order in this case).
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local_keys = keys.intersection(self._keys)
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if self.reference_lists:
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for key in local_keys:
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node = self._nodes[key]
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yield self, key, node[1], node[0]
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for key in local_keys:
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node = self._nodes[key]
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yield self, key, node[1]
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# Find things that are in backing indices that have not been handled
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if not self._backing_indices:
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return # We won't find anything there either
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# Remove all of the keys that we found locally
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keys.difference_update(local_keys)
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for backing in self._backing_indices:
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for node in backing.iter_entries(keys):
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yield (self,) + node[1:]
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def iter_entries_prefix(self, keys):
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"""Iterate over keys within the index using prefix matching.
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Prefix matching is applied within the tuple of a key, not to within
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the bytestring of each key element. e.g. if you have the keys ('foo',
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'bar'), ('foobar', 'gam') and do a prefix search for ('foo', None) then
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only the former key is returned.
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:param keys: An iterable providing the key prefixes to be retrieved.
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Each key prefix takes the form of a tuple the length of a key, but
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with the last N elements 'None' rather than a regular bytestring.
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The first element cannot be 'None'.
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:return: An iterable as per iter_all_entries, but restricted to the
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keys with a matching prefix to those supplied. No additional keys
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will be returned, and every match that is in the index will be
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# XXX: To much duplication with the GraphIndex class; consider finding
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# a good place to pull out the actual common logic.
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for backing in self._backing_indices:
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for node in backing.iter_entries_prefix(keys):
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yield (self,) + node[1:]
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if self._key_length == 1:
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raise errors.BadIndexKey(key)
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if len(key) != self._key_length:
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raise errors.BadIndexKey(key)
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node = self._nodes[key]
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if self.reference_lists:
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yield self, key, node[1], node[0]
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yield self, key, node[1]
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raise errors.BadIndexKey(key)
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if len(key) != self._key_length:
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raise errors.BadIndexKey(key)
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# find what it refers to:
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key_dict = self._get_nodes_by_key()
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# find the subdict to return
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while len(elements) and elements[0] is not None:
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key_dict = key_dict[elements[0]]
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# a non-existant lookup.
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key_dict = dicts.pop(-1)
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# can't be empty or would not exist
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item, value = key_dict.iteritems().next()
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if type(value) == dict:
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dicts.extend(key_dict.itervalues())
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for value in key_dict.itervalues():
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yield (self, ) + value
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yield (self, ) + key_dict
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def _get_nodes_by_key(self):
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if self._nodes_by_key is None:
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if self.reference_lists:
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for key, (references, value) in self._nodes.iteritems():
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key_dict = nodes_by_key
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for subkey in key[:-1]:
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key_dict = key_dict.setdefault(subkey, {})
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key_dict[key[-1]] = key, value, references
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for key, (references, value) in self._nodes.iteritems():
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key_dict = nodes_by_key
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for subkey in key[:-1]:
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key_dict = key_dict.setdefault(subkey, {})
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key_dict[key[-1]] = key, value
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self._nodes_by_key = nodes_by_key
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return self._nodes_by_key
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"""Return an estimate of the number of keys in this index.
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For InMemoryGraphIndex the estimate is exact.
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return len(self._keys) + sum(backing.key_count() for backing in
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self._backing_indices if backing is not None)
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"""In memory index's have no known corruption at the moment."""
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class _LeafNode(object):
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"""A leaf node for a serialised B+Tree index."""
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__slots__ = ('keys', 'min_key', 'max_key')
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def __init__(self, bytes, key_length, ref_list_length):
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"""Parse bytes to create a leaf node object."""
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# splitlines mangles the \r delimiters.. don't use it.
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key_list = _btree_serializer._parse_leaf_lines(bytes,
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key_length, ref_list_length)
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self.min_key = key_list[0][0]
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self.max_key = key_list[-1][0]
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self.min_key = self.max_key = None
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self.keys = dict(key_list)
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class _InternalNode(object):
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"""An internal node for a serialised B+Tree index."""
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__slots__ = ('keys', 'offset')
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def __init__(self, bytes):
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"""Parse bytes to create an internal node object."""
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# splitlines mangles the \r delimiters.. don't use it.
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self.keys = self._parse_lines(bytes.split('\n'))
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def _parse_lines(self, lines):
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self.offset = int(lines[1][7:])
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for line in lines[2:]:
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# TODO: Switch to StaticTuple here.
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nodes.append(tuple(map(intern, line.split('\0'))))
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class BTreeGraphIndex(object):
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"""Access to nodes via the standard GraphIndex interface for B+Tree's.
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Individual nodes are held in a LRU cache. This holds the root node in
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memory except when very large walks are done.
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def __init__(self, transport, name, size, unlimited_cache=False):
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"""Create a B+Tree index object on the index name.
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:param transport: The transport to read data for the index from.
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:param name: The file name of the index on transport.
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:param size: Optional size of the index in bytes. This allows
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compatibility with the GraphIndex API, as well as ensuring that
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the initial read (to read the root node header) can be done
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without over-reading even on empty indices, and on small indices
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allows single-IO to read the entire index.
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:param unlimited_cache: If set to True, then instead of using an
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LRUCache with size _NODE_CACHE_SIZE, we will use a dict and always
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cache all leaf nodes.
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self._transport = transport
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self._recommended_pages = self._compute_recommended_pages()
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self._root_node = None
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# Default max size is 100,000 leave values
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self._leaf_value_cache = None # lru_cache.LRUCache(100*1000)
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self._leaf_node_cache = {}
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self._internal_node_cache = {}
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self._leaf_node_cache = lru_cache.LRUCache(_NODE_CACHE_SIZE)
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# We use a FIFO here just to prevent possible blowout. However, a
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# 300k record btree has only 3k leaf nodes, and only 20 internal
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# nodes. A value of 100 scales to ~100*100*100 = 1M records.
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self._internal_node_cache = fifo_cache.FIFOCache(100)
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self._key_count = None
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self._row_lengths = None
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self._row_offsets = None # Start of each row, [-1] is the end
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def __eq__(self, other):
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"""Equal when self and other were created with the same parameters."""
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type(self) == type(other) and
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self._transport == other._transport and
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self._name == other._name and
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self._size == other._size)
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def __ne__(self, other):
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return not self.__eq__(other)
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def _get_and_cache_nodes(self, nodes):
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"""Read nodes and cache them in the lru.
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The nodes list supplied is sorted and then read from disk, each node
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being inserted it into the _node_cache.
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Note: Asking for more nodes than the _node_cache can contain will
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result in some of the results being immediately discarded, to prevent
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this an assertion is raised if more nodes are asked for than are
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:return: A dict of {node_pos: node}
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start_of_leaves = None
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for node_pos, node in self._read_nodes(sorted(nodes)):
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if node_pos == 0: # Special case
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self._root_node = node
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if start_of_leaves is None:
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start_of_leaves = self._row_offsets[-2]
708
if node_pos < start_of_leaves:
709
self._internal_node_cache[node_pos] = node
711
self._leaf_node_cache[node_pos] = node
712
found[node_pos] = node
715
def _compute_recommended_pages(self):
716
"""Convert transport's recommended_page_size into btree pages.
718
recommended_page_size is in bytes, we want to know how many _PAGE_SIZE
719
pages fit in that length.
721
recommended_read = self._transport.recommended_page_size()
722
recommended_pages = int(math.ceil(recommended_read /
724
return recommended_pages
726
def _compute_total_pages_in_index(self):
727
"""How many pages are in the index.
729
If we have read the header we will use the value stored there.
730
Otherwise it will be computed based on the length of the index.
732
if self._size is None:
733
raise AssertionError('_compute_total_pages_in_index should not be'
734
' called when self._size is None')
735
if self._root_node is not None:
736
# This is the number of pages as defined by the header
737
return self._row_offsets[-1]
738
# This is the number of pages as defined by the size of the index. They
739
# should be indentical.
740
total_pages = int(math.ceil(self._size / float(_PAGE_SIZE)))
743
def _expand_offsets(self, offsets):
744
"""Find extra pages to download.
746
The idea is that we always want to make big-enough requests (like 64kB
747
for http), so that we don't waste round trips. So given the entries
748
that we already have cached and the new pages being downloaded figure
749
out what other pages we might want to read.
751
See also doc/developers/btree_index_prefetch.txt for more details.
753
:param offsets: The offsets to be read
754
:return: A list of offsets to download
756
if 'index' in debug.debug_flags:
757
trace.mutter('expanding: %s\toffsets: %s', self._name, offsets)
759
if len(offsets) >= self._recommended_pages:
760
# Don't add more, we are already requesting more than enough
761
if 'index' in debug.debug_flags:
762
trace.mutter(' not expanding large request (%s >= %s)',
763
len(offsets), self._recommended_pages)
765
if self._size is None:
766
# Don't try anything, because we don't know where the file ends
767
if 'index' in debug.debug_flags:
768
trace.mutter(' not expanding without knowing index size')
770
total_pages = self._compute_total_pages_in_index()
771
cached_offsets = self._get_offsets_to_cached_pages()
772
# If reading recommended_pages would read the rest of the index, just
774
if total_pages - len(cached_offsets) <= self._recommended_pages:
775
# Read whatever is left
777
expanded = [x for x in xrange(total_pages)
778
if x not in cached_offsets]
780
expanded = range(total_pages)
781
if 'index' in debug.debug_flags:
782
trace.mutter(' reading all unread pages: %s', expanded)
785
if self._root_node is None:
786
# ATM on the first read of the root node of a large index, we don't
787
# bother pre-reading any other pages. This is because the
788
# likelyhood of actually reading interesting pages is very low.
789
# See doc/developers/btree_index_prefetch.txt for a discussion, and
790
# a possible implementation when we are guessing that the second
791
# layer index is small
792
final_offsets = offsets
794
tree_depth = len(self._row_lengths)
795
if len(cached_offsets) < tree_depth and len(offsets) == 1:
796
# We haven't read enough to justify expansion
797
# If we are only going to read the root node, and 1 leaf node,
798
# then it isn't worth expanding our request. Once we've read at
799
# least 2 nodes, then we are probably doing a search, and we
800
# start expanding our requests.
801
if 'index' in debug.debug_flags:
802
trace.mutter(' not expanding on first reads')
804
final_offsets = self._expand_to_neighbors(offsets, cached_offsets,
807
final_offsets = sorted(final_offsets)
808
if 'index' in debug.debug_flags:
809
trace.mutter('expanded: %s', final_offsets)
812
def _expand_to_neighbors(self, offsets, cached_offsets, total_pages):
813
"""Expand requests to neighbors until we have enough pages.
815
This is called from _expand_offsets after policy has determined that we
817
We only want to expand requests within a given layer. We cheat a little
818
bit and assume all requests will be in the same layer. This is true
819
given the current design, but if it changes this algorithm may perform
822
:param offsets: requested offsets
823
:param cached_offsets: offsets for pages we currently have cached
824
:return: A set() of offsets after expansion
826
final_offsets = set(offsets)
828
new_tips = set(final_offsets)
829
while len(final_offsets) < self._recommended_pages and new_tips:
833
first, end = self._find_layer_first_and_end(pos)
836
and previous not in cached_offsets
837
and previous not in final_offsets
838
and previous >= first):
839
next_tips.add(previous)
841
if (after < total_pages
842
and after not in cached_offsets
843
and after not in final_offsets
846
# This would keep us from going bigger than
847
# recommended_pages by only expanding the first offsets.
848
# However, if we are making a 'wide' request, it is
849
# reasonable to expand all points equally.
850
# if len(final_offsets) > recommended_pages:
852
final_offsets.update(next_tips)
856
def external_references(self, ref_list_num):
857
if self._root_node is None:
858
self._get_root_node()
859
if ref_list_num + 1 > self.node_ref_lists:
860
raise ValueError('No ref list %d, index has %d ref lists'
861
% (ref_list_num, self.node_ref_lists))
864
for node in self.iter_all_entries():
866
refs.update(node[3][ref_list_num])
869
def _find_layer_first_and_end(self, offset):
870
"""Find the start/stop nodes for the layer corresponding to offset.
872
:return: (first, end)
873
first is the first node in this layer
874
end is the first node of the next layer
877
for roffset in self._row_offsets:
884
def _get_offsets_to_cached_pages(self):
885
"""Determine what nodes we already have cached."""
886
cached_offsets = set(self._internal_node_cache.keys())
887
cached_offsets.update(self._leaf_node_cache.keys())
888
if self._root_node is not None:
889
cached_offsets.add(0)
890
return cached_offsets
892
def _get_root_node(self):
893
if self._root_node is None:
894
# We may not have a root node yet
895
self._get_internal_nodes([0])
896
return self._root_node
898
def _get_nodes(self, cache, node_indexes):
901
for idx in node_indexes:
902
if idx == 0 and self._root_node is not None:
903
found[0] = self._root_node
906
found[idx] = cache[idx]
911
needed = self._expand_offsets(needed)
912
found.update(self._get_and_cache_nodes(needed))
915
def _get_internal_nodes(self, node_indexes):
916
"""Get a node, from cache or disk.
918
After getting it, the node will be cached.
920
return self._get_nodes(self._internal_node_cache, node_indexes)
922
def _cache_leaf_values(self, nodes):
923
"""Cache directly from key => value, skipping the btree."""
924
if self._leaf_value_cache is not None:
925
for node in nodes.itervalues():
926
for key, value in node.keys.iteritems():
927
if key in self._leaf_value_cache:
928
# Don't add the rest of the keys, we've seen this node
931
self._leaf_value_cache[key] = value
933
def _get_leaf_nodes(self, node_indexes):
934
"""Get a bunch of nodes, from cache or disk."""
935
found = self._get_nodes(self._leaf_node_cache, node_indexes)
936
self._cache_leaf_values(found)
939
def iter_all_entries(self):
940
"""Iterate over all keys within the index.
942
:return: An iterable of (index, key, value) or (index, key, value, reference_lists).
943
The former tuple is used when there are no reference lists in the
944
index, making the API compatible with simple key:value index types.
945
There is no defined order for the result iteration - it will be in
946
the most efficient order for the index.
948
if 'evil' in debug.debug_flags:
949
trace.mutter_callsite(3,
950
"iter_all_entries scales with size of history.")
951
if not self.key_count():
953
if self._row_offsets[-1] == 1:
954
# There is only the root node, and we read that via key_count()
955
if self.node_ref_lists:
956
for key, (value, refs) in sorted(self._root_node.keys.items()):
957
yield (self, key, value, refs)
959
for key, (value, refs) in sorted(self._root_node.keys.items()):
960
yield (self, key, value)
962
start_of_leaves = self._row_offsets[-2]
963
end_of_leaves = self._row_offsets[-1]
964
needed_offsets = range(start_of_leaves, end_of_leaves)
965
if needed_offsets == [0]:
966
# Special case when we only have a root node, as we have already
968
nodes = [(0, self._root_node)]
970
nodes = self._read_nodes(needed_offsets)
971
# We iterate strictly in-order so that we can use this function
972
# for spilling index builds to disk.
973
if self.node_ref_lists:
974
for _, node in nodes:
975
for key, (value, refs) in sorted(node.keys.items()):
976
yield (self, key, value, refs)
978
for _, node in nodes:
979
for key, (value, refs) in sorted(node.keys.items()):
980
yield (self, key, value)
983
def _multi_bisect_right(in_keys, fixed_keys):
984
"""Find the positions where each 'in_key' would fit in fixed_keys.
986
This is equivalent to doing "bisect_right" on each in_key into
989
:param in_keys: A sorted list of keys to match with fixed_keys
990
:param fixed_keys: A sorted list of keys to match against
991
:return: A list of (integer position, [key list]) tuples.
996
# no pointers in the fixed_keys list, which means everything must
998
return [(0, in_keys)]
1000
# TODO: Iterating both lists will generally take M + N steps
1001
# Bisecting each key will generally take M * log2 N steps.
1002
# If we had an efficient way to compare, we could pick the method
1003
# based on which has the fewer number of steps.
1004
# There is also the argument that bisect_right is a compiled
1005
# function, so there is even more to be gained.
1006
# iter_steps = len(in_keys) + len(fixed_keys)
1007
# bisect_steps = len(in_keys) * math.log(len(fixed_keys), 2)
1008
if len(in_keys) == 1: # Bisect will always be faster for M = 1
1009
return [(bisect_right(fixed_keys, in_keys[0]), in_keys)]
1010
# elif bisect_steps < iter_steps:
1012
# for key in in_keys:
1013
# offsets.setdefault(bisect_right(fixed_keys, key),
1015
# return [(o, offsets[o]) for o in sorted(offsets)]
1016
in_keys_iter = iter(in_keys)
1017
fixed_keys_iter = enumerate(fixed_keys)
1018
cur_in_key = in_keys_iter.next()
1019
cur_fixed_offset, cur_fixed_key = fixed_keys_iter.next()
1021
class InputDone(Exception): pass
1022
class FixedDone(Exception): pass
1027
# TODO: Another possibility is that rather than iterating on each side,
1028
# we could use a combination of bisecting and iterating. For
1029
# example, while cur_in_key < fixed_key, bisect to find its
1030
# point, then iterate all matching keys, then bisect (restricted
1031
# to only the remainder) for the next one, etc.
1034
if cur_in_key < cur_fixed_key:
1036
cur_out = (cur_fixed_offset, cur_keys)
1037
output.append(cur_out)
1038
while cur_in_key < cur_fixed_key:
1039
cur_keys.append(cur_in_key)
1041
cur_in_key = in_keys_iter.next()
1042
except StopIteration:
1044
# At this point cur_in_key must be >= cur_fixed_key
1045
# step the cur_fixed_key until we pass the cur key, or walk off
1047
while cur_in_key >= cur_fixed_key:
1049
cur_fixed_offset, cur_fixed_key = fixed_keys_iter.next()
1050
except StopIteration:
1053
# We consumed all of the input, nothing more to do
1056
# There was some input left, but we consumed all of fixed, so we
1057
# have to add one more for the tail
1058
cur_keys = [cur_in_key]
1059
cur_keys.extend(in_keys_iter)
1060
cur_out = (len(fixed_keys), cur_keys)
1061
output.append(cur_out)
1064
def _walk_through_internal_nodes(self, keys):
1065
"""Take the given set of keys, and find the corresponding LeafNodes.
1067
:param keys: An unsorted iterable of keys to search for
1068
:return: (nodes, index_and_keys)
1069
nodes is a dict mapping {index: LeafNode}
1070
keys_at_index is a list of tuples of [(index, [keys for Leaf])]
1072
# 6 seconds spent in miss_torture using the sorted() line.
1073
# Even with out of order disk IO it seems faster not to sort it when
1074
# large queries are being made.
1075
keys_at_index = [(0, sorted(keys))]
1077
for row_pos, next_row_start in enumerate(self._row_offsets[1:-1]):
1078
node_indexes = [idx for idx, s_keys in keys_at_index]
1079
nodes = self._get_internal_nodes(node_indexes)
1081
next_nodes_and_keys = []
1082
for node_index, sub_keys in keys_at_index:
1083
node = nodes[node_index]
1084
positions = self._multi_bisect_right(sub_keys, node.keys)
1085
node_offset = next_row_start + node.offset
1086
next_nodes_and_keys.extend([(node_offset + pos, s_keys)
1087
for pos, s_keys in positions])
1088
keys_at_index = next_nodes_and_keys
1089
# We should now be at the _LeafNodes
1090
node_indexes = [idx for idx, s_keys in keys_at_index]
1092
# TODO: We may *not* want to always read all the nodes in one
1093
# big go. Consider setting a max size on this.
1094
nodes = self._get_leaf_nodes(node_indexes)
1095
return nodes, keys_at_index
1097
def iter_entries(self, keys):
1098
"""Iterate over keys within the index.
1100
:param keys: An iterable providing the keys to be retrieved.
1101
:return: An iterable as per iter_all_entries, but restricted to the
1102
keys supplied. No additional keys will be returned, and every
1103
key supplied that is in the index will be returned.
1105
# 6 seconds spent in miss_torture using the sorted() line.
1106
# Even with out of order disk IO it seems faster not to sort it when
1107
# large queries are being made.
1108
# However, now that we are doing multi-way bisecting, we need the keys
1109
# in sorted order anyway. We could change the multi-way code to not
1110
# require sorted order. (For example, it bisects for the first node,
1111
# does an in-order search until a key comes before the current point,
1112
# which it then bisects for, etc.)
1113
keys = frozenset(keys)
1117
if not self.key_count():
1121
if self._leaf_value_cache is None:
1125
value = self._leaf_value_cache.get(key, None)
1126
if value is not None:
1127
# This key is known not to be here, skip it
1129
if self.node_ref_lists:
1130
yield (self, key, value, refs)
1132
yield (self, key, value)
1134
needed_keys.append(key)
1140
nodes, nodes_and_keys = self._walk_through_internal_nodes(needed_keys)
1141
for node_index, sub_keys in nodes_and_keys:
1144
node = nodes[node_index]
1145
for next_sub_key in sub_keys:
1146
if next_sub_key in node.keys:
1147
value, refs = node.keys[next_sub_key]
1148
if self.node_ref_lists:
1149
yield (self, next_sub_key, value, refs)
1151
yield (self, next_sub_key, value)
1153
def _find_ancestors(self, keys, ref_list_num, parent_map, missing_keys):
1154
"""Find the parent_map information for the set of keys.
1156
This populates the parent_map dict and missing_keys set based on the
1157
queried keys. It also can fill out an arbitrary number of parents that
1158
it finds while searching for the supplied keys.
1160
It is unlikely that you want to call this directly. See
1161
"CombinedGraphIndex.find_ancestry()" for a more appropriate API.
1163
:param keys: A keys whose ancestry we want to return
1164
Every key will either end up in 'parent_map' or 'missing_keys'.
1165
:param ref_list_num: This index in the ref_lists is the parents we
1167
:param parent_map: {key: parent_keys} for keys that are present in this
1168
index. This may contain more entries than were in 'keys', that are
1169
reachable ancestors of the keys requested.
1170
:param missing_keys: keys which are known to be missing in this index.
1171
This may include parents that were not directly requested, but we
1172
were able to determine that they are not present in this index.
1173
:return: search_keys parents that were found but not queried to know
1174
if they are missing or present. Callers can re-query this index for
1175
those keys, and they will be placed into parent_map or missing_keys
1177
if not self.key_count():
1178
# We use key_count() to trigger reading the root node and
1179
# determining info about this BTreeGraphIndex
1180
# If we don't have any keys, then everything is missing
1181
missing_keys.update(keys)
1183
if ref_list_num >= self.node_ref_lists:
1184
raise ValueError('No ref list %d, index has %d ref lists'
1185
% (ref_list_num, self.node_ref_lists))
1187
# The main trick we are trying to accomplish is that when we find a
1188
# key listing its parents, we expect that the parent key is also likely
1189
# to sit on the same page. Allowing us to expand parents quickly
1190
# without suffering the full stack of bisecting, etc.
1191
nodes, nodes_and_keys = self._walk_through_internal_nodes(keys)
1193
# These are parent keys which could not be immediately resolved on the
1194
# page where the child was present. Note that we may already be
1195
# searching for that key, and it may actually be present [or known
1196
# missing] on one of the other pages we are reading.
1198
# We could try searching for them in the immediate previous or next
1199
# page. If they occur "later" we could put them in a pending lookup
1200
# set, and then for each node we read thereafter we could check to
1201
# see if they are present.
1202
# However, we don't know the impact of keeping this list of things
1203
# that I'm going to search for every node I come across from here on
1205
# It doesn't handle the case when the parent key is missing on a
1206
# page that we *don't* read. So we already have to handle being
1207
# re-entrant for that.
1208
# Since most keys contain a date string, they are more likely to be
1209
# found earlier in the file than later, but we would know that right
1210
# away (key < min_key), and wouldn't keep searching it on every other
1211
# page that we read.
1212
# Mostly, it is an idea, one which should be benchmarked.
1213
parents_not_on_page = set()
1215
for node_index, sub_keys in nodes_and_keys:
1218
# sub_keys is all of the keys we are looking for that should exist
1219
# on this page, if they aren't here, then they won't be found
1220
node = nodes[node_index]
1221
node_keys = node.keys
1222
parents_to_check = set()
1223
for next_sub_key in sub_keys:
1224
if next_sub_key not in node_keys:
1225
# This one is just not present in the index at all
1226
missing_keys.add(next_sub_key)
1228
value, refs = node_keys[next_sub_key]
1229
parent_keys = refs[ref_list_num]
1230
parent_map[next_sub_key] = parent_keys
1231
parents_to_check.update(parent_keys)
1232
# Don't look for things we've already found
1233
parents_to_check = parents_to_check.difference(parent_map)
1234
# this can be used to test the benefit of having the check loop
1236
# parents_not_on_page.update(parents_to_check)
1238
while parents_to_check:
1239
next_parents_to_check = set()
1240
for key in parents_to_check:
1241
if key in node_keys:
1242
value, refs = node_keys[key]
1243
parent_keys = refs[ref_list_num]
1244
parent_map[key] = parent_keys
1245
next_parents_to_check.update(parent_keys)
1247
# This parent either is genuinely missing, or should be
1248
# found on another page. Perf test whether it is better
1249
# to check if this node should fit on this page or not.
1250
# in the 'everything-in-one-pack' scenario, this *not*
1251
# doing the check is 237ms vs 243ms.
1252
# So slightly better, but I assume the standard 'lots
1253
# of packs' is going to show a reasonable improvement
1254
# from the check, because it avoids 'going around
1255
# again' for everything that is in another index
1256
# parents_not_on_page.add(key)
1257
# Missing for some reason
1258
if key < node.min_key:
1259
# in the case of bzr.dev, 3.4k/5.3k misses are
1260
# 'earlier' misses (65%)
1261
parents_not_on_page.add(key)
1262
elif key > node.max_key:
1263
# This parent key would be present on a different
1265
parents_not_on_page.add(key)
1267
# assert key != node.min_key and key != node.max_key
1268
# If it was going to be present, it would be on
1269
# *this* page, so mark it missing.
1270
missing_keys.add(key)
1271
parents_to_check = next_parents_to_check.difference(parent_map)
1272
# Might want to do another .difference() from missing_keys
1273
# parents_not_on_page could have been found on a different page, or be
1274
# known to be missing. So cull out everything that has already been
1276
search_keys = parents_not_on_page.difference(
1277
parent_map).difference(missing_keys)
1280
def iter_entries_prefix(self, keys):
1281
"""Iterate over keys within the index using prefix matching.
1283
Prefix matching is applied within the tuple of a key, not to within
1284
the bytestring of each key element. e.g. if you have the keys ('foo',
1285
'bar'), ('foobar', 'gam') and do a prefix search for ('foo', None) then
1286
only the former key is returned.
1288
WARNING: Note that this method currently causes a full index parse
1289
unconditionally (which is reasonably appropriate as it is a means for
1290
thunking many small indices into one larger one and still supplies
1291
iter_all_entries at the thunk layer).
1293
:param keys: An iterable providing the key prefixes to be retrieved.
1294
Each key prefix takes the form of a tuple the length of a key, but
1295
with the last N elements 'None' rather than a regular bytestring.
1296
The first element cannot be 'None'.
1297
:return: An iterable as per iter_all_entries, but restricted to the
1298
keys with a matching prefix to those supplied. No additional keys
1299
will be returned, and every match that is in the index will be
1302
keys = sorted(set(keys))
1305
# Load if needed to check key lengths
1306
if self._key_count is None:
1307
self._get_root_node()
1308
# TODO: only access nodes that can satisfy the prefixes we are looking
1309
# for. For now, to meet API usage (as this function is not used by
1310
# current bzrlib) just suck the entire index and iterate in memory.
1312
if self.node_ref_lists:
1313
if self._key_length == 1:
1314
for _1, key, value, refs in self.iter_all_entries():
1315
nodes[key] = value, refs
1318
for _1, key, value, refs in self.iter_all_entries():
1319
key_value = key, value, refs
1320
# For a key of (foo, bar, baz) create
1321
# _nodes_by_key[foo][bar][baz] = key_value
1322
key_dict = nodes_by_key
1323
for subkey in key[:-1]:
1324
key_dict = key_dict.setdefault(subkey, {})
1325
key_dict[key[-1]] = key_value
1327
if self._key_length == 1:
1328
for _1, key, value in self.iter_all_entries():
1332
for _1, key, value in self.iter_all_entries():
1333
key_value = key, value
1334
# For a key of (foo, bar, baz) create
1335
# _nodes_by_key[foo][bar][baz] = key_value
1336
key_dict = nodes_by_key
1337
for subkey in key[:-1]:
1338
key_dict = key_dict.setdefault(subkey, {})
1339
key_dict[key[-1]] = key_value
1340
if self._key_length == 1:
1344
raise errors.BadIndexKey(key)
1345
if len(key) != self._key_length:
1346
raise errors.BadIndexKey(key)
1348
if self.node_ref_lists:
1349
value, node_refs = nodes[key]
1350
yield self, key, value, node_refs
1352
yield self, key, nodes[key]
1359
raise errors.BadIndexKey(key)
1360
if len(key) != self._key_length:
1361
raise errors.BadIndexKey(key)
1362
# find what it refers to:
1363
key_dict = nodes_by_key
1364
elements = list(key)
1365
# find the subdict whose contents should be returned.
1367
while len(elements) and elements[0] is not None:
1368
key_dict = key_dict[elements[0]]
1371
# a non-existant lookup.
1376
key_dict = dicts.pop(-1)
1377
# can't be empty or would not exist
1378
item, value = key_dict.iteritems().next()
1379
if type(value) == dict:
1381
dicts.extend(key_dict.itervalues())
1384
for value in key_dict.itervalues():
1385
# each value is the key:value:node refs tuple
1387
yield (self, ) + value
1389
# the last thing looked up was a terminal element
1390
yield (self, ) + key_dict
1392
def key_count(self):
1393
"""Return an estimate of the number of keys in this index.
1395
For BTreeGraphIndex the estimate is exact as it is contained in the
1398
if self._key_count is None:
1399
self._get_root_node()
1400
return self._key_count
1402
def _compute_row_offsets(self):
1403
"""Fill out the _row_offsets attribute based on _row_lengths."""
1406
for row in self._row_lengths:
1407
offsets.append(row_offset)
1409
offsets.append(row_offset)
1410
self._row_offsets = offsets
1412
def _parse_header_from_bytes(self, bytes):
1413
"""Parse the header from a region of bytes.
1415
:param bytes: The data to parse.
1416
:return: An offset, data tuple such as readv yields, for the unparsed
1417
data. (which may be of length 0).
1419
signature = bytes[0:len(self._signature())]
1420
if not signature == self._signature():
1421
raise errors.BadIndexFormatSignature(self._name, BTreeGraphIndex)
1422
lines = bytes[len(self._signature()):].splitlines()
1423
options_line = lines[0]
1424
if not options_line.startswith(_OPTION_NODE_REFS):
1425
raise errors.BadIndexOptions(self)
1427
self.node_ref_lists = int(options_line[len(_OPTION_NODE_REFS):])
1429
raise errors.BadIndexOptions(self)
1430
options_line = lines[1]
1431
if not options_line.startswith(_OPTION_KEY_ELEMENTS):
1432
raise errors.BadIndexOptions(self)
1434
self._key_length = int(options_line[len(_OPTION_KEY_ELEMENTS):])
1436
raise errors.BadIndexOptions(self)
1437
options_line = lines[2]
1438
if not options_line.startswith(_OPTION_LEN):
1439
raise errors.BadIndexOptions(self)
1441
self._key_count = int(options_line[len(_OPTION_LEN):])
1443
raise errors.BadIndexOptions(self)
1444
options_line = lines[3]
1445
if not options_line.startswith(_OPTION_ROW_LENGTHS):
1446
raise errors.BadIndexOptions(self)
1448
self._row_lengths = map(int, [length for length in
1449
options_line[len(_OPTION_ROW_LENGTHS):].split(',')
1452
raise errors.BadIndexOptions(self)
1453
self._compute_row_offsets()
1455
# calculate the bytes we have processed
1456
header_end = (len(signature) + sum(map(len, lines[0:4])) + 4)
1457
return header_end, bytes[header_end:]
1459
def _read_nodes(self, nodes):
1460
"""Read some nodes from disk into the LRU cache.
1462
This performs a readv to get the node data into memory, and parses each
1463
node, then yields it to the caller. The nodes are requested in the
1464
supplied order. If possible doing sort() on the list before requesting
1465
a read may improve performance.
1467
:param nodes: The nodes to read. 0 - first node, 1 - second node etc.
1470
# may be the byte string of the whole file
1472
# list of (offset, length) regions of the file that should, evenually
1473
# be read in to data_ranges, either from 'bytes' or from the transport
1476
offset = index * _PAGE_SIZE
1479
# Root node - special case
1481
size = min(_PAGE_SIZE, self._size)
1483
# The only case where we don't know the size, is for very
1484
# small indexes. So we read the whole thing
1485
bytes = self._transport.get_bytes(self._name)
1486
self._size = len(bytes)
1487
# the whole thing should be parsed out of 'bytes'
1488
ranges.append((0, len(bytes)))
1491
if offset > self._size:
1492
raise AssertionError('tried to read past the end'
1493
' of the file %s > %s'
1494
% (offset, self._size))
1495
size = min(size, self._size - offset)
1496
ranges.append((offset, size))
1499
elif bytes is not None:
1500
# already have the whole file
1501
data_ranges = [(start, bytes[start:start+_PAGE_SIZE])
1502
for start in xrange(0, len(bytes), _PAGE_SIZE)]
1503
elif self._file is None:
1504
data_ranges = self._transport.readv(self._name, ranges)
1507
for offset, size in ranges:
1508
self._file.seek(offset)
1509
data_ranges.append((offset, self._file.read(size)))
1510
for offset, data in data_ranges:
1512
# extract the header
1513
offset, data = self._parse_header_from_bytes(data)
1516
bytes = zlib.decompress(data)
1517
if bytes.startswith(_LEAF_FLAG):
1518
node = _LeafNode(bytes, self._key_length, self.node_ref_lists)
1519
elif bytes.startswith(_INTERNAL_FLAG):
1520
node = _InternalNode(bytes)
1522
raise AssertionError("Unknown node type for %r" % bytes)
1523
yield offset / _PAGE_SIZE, node
1525
def _signature(self):
1526
"""The file signature for this index type."""
1530
"""Validate that everything in the index can be accessed."""
1531
# just read and parse every node.
1532
self._get_root_node()
1533
if len(self._row_lengths) > 1:
1534
start_node = self._row_offsets[1]
1536
# We shouldn't be reading anything anyway
1538
node_end = self._row_offsets[-1]
1539
for node in self._read_nodes(range(start_node, node_end)):
1544
from bzrlib import _btree_serializer_pyx as _btree_serializer
1545
except ImportError, e:
1546
osutils.failed_to_load_extension(e)
1547
from bzrlib import _btree_serializer_py as _btree_serializer